Henan Mongolian Autonomous County is the only Mongolian autonomous county in Qinghai Province, commonly known as "Henan Mongolian Banner", which has the highest proportion of Mongolian population in China. Located in the southeast of Qinghai Province, it is adjacent to Xiahe County and Luqu County of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province in the east, Maqu County of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province in the south, Maqin County of Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province and Tongde County of Hainan Prefecture in the southwest, and Zeku County in the north. It is located at the junction of the three provinces of Qingshan, Gansu and Sichuan, known as the South Gate of Qinghai Province. It is 3,600 meters above sea level and has jurisdiction over 39 pastoral committees, 135 animal husbandry cooperatives and four Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in 2 communities, 1 town, 4 townships. It has an administrative area of 6,700 square kilometers. At the end of 2019, the population of Mongolian Autonomous County in Henan Province was 40,688.

Hequ Horse, one of the three famous horses in China, and Euler sheep, a fine livestock and poultry breed of Qinghai, are the dominant breeds in the autonomous county. Hequ grassland is a typical alpine meadow grassland, located in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is praised by UNESCO as "one of the four pollution-free ultra-clean areas".
In March 2020, it won the title of "Advanced County in National Village Cleaning Action" and was praised by the Central Agriculture Office and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. On October 9, 2020, it was awarded the fourth batch of national ecological civilization Construction demonstration City and county title by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
In 2019, the gross domestic product of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County was 1.81 million yuan, the added value of the primary industry was 859 million yuan, the added value of the secondary industry was 348 million yuan, the general public budget revenue was 32.82 million yuan, and the general public budget expenditure was 1683.37 million yuan.